1. CHIEF PATRON : Er. M.I. Siddiqui
2. PATRONS : Er. Suhail Ahmad
: Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Alam
: Prof. M. A. Farooqi
: Prof. (Dr.) Mohd. Husain
: Prof. Z. R. Nomani
3. CONVENOR : Dr. Geeta Verma
4. CO-CONVENORS : Mr. Shafiq Ahmad
: Mr. Mohd. Umar
: Mr. S. M. Akmal : Mr. N. R. Kidwai
5. STUDENT CONVENOR : Himanshu Shankar Pandey
(CS- 4th )
6. STUDENT ASSTT. CONVENORS: Rajan Kumar Singh (EL-4th)
: Jyoti Yadav (IT -4th)
7. EXECUTIVE CO-ORDINATORS : Anuj Keshari (EE-4th )
: Shweta Pandey (CS-4th )
:
8. CULTURAL CO-ORIDANTORS
Faculty Members
Mr. Najmul Hasan
: Mr. Subodh
: Mr. Rohit Chandra
: Mr. Shaban Ahmad
: Ms. Ankita Yadav
: Ms. Chitranshi Gupta
: Mr. Vivek Singh
: Mr. Ram Lautan Verma
: Ms. Shweta Srivastava
Student Members : Gaurav Singh Chuahan
: (EL-4th )
: Kameshwar Shukla (IT-4th )
: Sonam Chandra (CS -4th )
: Ankit Singh (IT-4th )
9. EVENT CO-ORIDANTORS
Faculty Members
: Ms Archana Bharti
: Mrs Leena Chaudhary
: Mr. Hemant
: Mr. Imran Khan
: Ms. Ruchi Srivastava
: Mr. Neeraj Vimal
: Mr. Salahuddin
: Mr. Sanavar Alam
: Mr. Sachin Khare
Student Members
: Mohd Shamsi Kazmi(EL- 4th)
: Rajan Kumar Singh (EL-4th) : Joyti Yadav (IT-4th )
10. CONTROL CELL
Faculty Members
: Prof. Z.R.Nomani
: Prof. Shyam Singh
: Er. R.A.Qureshi
Student Members
: Shivam Yadav (EL-4th )
Manish Shukla(EE-4th )
:
11. LITERARY CELL:
Faculty Members : Prof. Kamal Kumar
Mr. Malik Rafi
Mr. Vimlesh Kumar Gupta
Ms. Neha Mahendra
Mr. Uday Singh
Mr. Afsaruddin
:
Student Members : Rahul Mishra(MBA-2nd )
: Shilpi Verma(MBA-2nd)
:
12. TECHNICAL CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Raisul Hasan
Mr. Aqeel Ahmad
Shafiq Ahmad
Mr. Syed Hasan Shabbir
Prof. Shyam Singh
Prof. Kamal Kumar
Prof. R.S. Tripathi
Mr. S.K.Mishra
Mr. Malik Rafi
Mr. Arvind Kumar
Mr. Malik Shahzad Ah. Iqbal
Mr. Rampal Singh
Student Members : Mohit Kumar(CS-4th)
Mohd. Husain(EL-4th)
Atul Pal(CS-4th)
13. DECORATION CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Vimlesh Gupta
Ms. Ayushi
Ms. Fariya Durani
Ayushi Prakash
Ms.Ruchika Khare
Mr. Amanat Ali
Mr. Mohd. Ajmal
Ms. Jyoti Gupta
Mr. Abadur Rehman
Dr. Shamim Ansari
Ms. Kaneez Masooma
Mr. Syed Haroon Ahmad
Mr. Rupesh Rastogi
Student Members : Anurag Srivastava(CS-4th)
Ankita(CS-4th)
14. STAGE & INFRASTRUCTURE CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Raj Gaurang Tiwari
Mr. Nadeem
Ms. Chitranshi Gupta
Mr. Shaban Ahmad Siddiqui
Ms. Ruchi Srivastava
Mr. Ram Lautan Verma
Ms. Archana Bharti
Mr. Sachin Khare
Mr. Rohit Chandra
Student Members : Nirpendra Mishra(EE-4th)
Roli Maurya(EE-4th)
Anurag Srivastava(CS-4th)
15. CHOREOGRAPHY CELL:
Faculty Members : Ms. Fariya Durrani
Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh
Mr. Subodh
Mr. Imran Khan
Mr. Neeraj Vimal
Ms. Ankita Yadav
Mr. Sanaver Alam
Mr. Nazmul Hasan
Ms. Shewta Srivastava
Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh
Student Members : Naveen Dwivedi(EE-4th)
Sonam Chandra(CS-4th)
Saurabh Kashyap(EE-4th)
16. SECURITY CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Rais Khan
Mr. B.K.Singh
Mr. S.S.Ali
Mr. Devendra Kumar
Mr. Arsh-ur-Rehman
Ms. Nidhi Rastogi
Student Members : Yogesh Singh(ME-4th)
Vipin Mishra(EE-3rd)
17. INFORMAL CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Fahimulla
Mr. Abadur Rahman
Dr. Sunil Srivastava Mr. Raj Gaurang Tewari
Mr. Fazlur Rehman
Mr. Devendra Kumar
Ms. Sonal
Mr. Qazi Saeed Ahmad
Mr. Mohd. Kamarzzama Ansari
Mr. Saif Ahmad
Mr. Nitin Kumar
Mr. Mohd. Faisal Hashim
Mr. Mohd. Zia-Ul Haq
Mr. Zaheer Ahmad Khan
Mr. Sachin Khare
Mr. Ram Kailash Gupta
Mr. Rupesh Rastogi
Student Members : Suneel Tiwari(EL-4th)
Mohd. Shamsi Kazmi
(EL-4th)
18. DRAMATICS CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Mohd Usama
Mr. Usama Husain
Ms. Zeba Khan
Ms Garima Srivastava
Ms Richa Parihar
Ms. Kirti Mishra
Mr. Manoj Kumar Singh
Ms. Zeba Khan
Mr. Zubair Ahmad
Student Members : Vishwajeet Singh(EIC-4th)
Pradeep kumar Singh(CS-4th)
19. STALL & EXHIBITION CELL:
Faculty Members : Dr. Anis Ahmad
Mr. Fazlur Rahman
Mr. Mohd Shafi Khan
Mr. Shamim Ahmad
Mr. Azeemuddin
Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh
Dr. Amit Prakash
Mr. Shafi Khan
Ms Atifa Parveen
Mr. Masood Ahmad
Er. Rajesh Arora
Mr. Parvez Rauf Khan
Mr. Mohd. Asif
Ms. Deepti Verma
Mr. Mohd. Tariq Jamali
Mr. Amit Trivedi
Student Members : Shweta Pandey(CS-4th)
Akanksha Aggrawal(EL-4th)
20. PHOTOGRAPHY CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Amanat Ali
Mr. Arshur Rahman
Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh
Dr. Amit Prakash
Mr. Shafi Khan
Ms Atifa Parveen
Mr. Masood Ahmad
Er. Rajesh Arora
Student Members : Sanjay Singh(CS-4th)
Rohit Tewari(CS-3rd)
21. PRIZE DISTRIBUTION CELL:
Faculty Members : Prof R.S.Tripathi
Mr. S.K.Mishra
Ms. Madhulika Sharma
Prof. M.A. Farooqi
Prof. Mohd. Hussain
Mr. Mohd. Umar
Prof. Z. R. Nomani
Mr. Shafiq Ahmad
Dr. Ahmar Uddin Mohd.
Dr. Anis Ahmad
Mr. Faheemulla
Mr. Yusuf Ansari
Mr. N.R. Kidwai
Mr. Raisul Hasan
Mr. M.M. Hashmi
Ms. Nida Hasan
Student Members : Mohd.Arsal(EE-4th)
Aasim Faheem Khan(EE-4th)
22. PUBLICITY & MEDIA:
Faculty Members : Mr. M.M.Hashmi
Dr. Amit Prakash
Mr. Sunil Vishwakarma Mr. Aqil Ahmad
Mr. Fazlur Rehman
Mr. Syed Mohd. Mohiuddin
Mr. Mohd. Tarique Khan
Student Members : Surendra Mohan Pathak
(EL-4th)
23. TRANSPORT & ACCOMODATION CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Mohd Umar
Dr. M. Shamim Ansari
Mr. Abhishek
Dr. Abu Hena Siddiqui
Mr. S.S.Ali
Prof. Kamal Kumar
Mr. Faheemullah
Prof. Hussain Ahmad
Mr. Rais Khan
Mr. Devendra Kumar
Mr. Shobraj
Mr. Avaneesh Kumar
Ms. Qudsiya Begume
Mr. Ram Asray Verma
Mr. Atif Shafi
Mr. Zubair Ahmad
Mr. Ashok Tiwari
Student Members : Ashutosh Yadav(CS-4th)
Prashant Singh(CS-4th)
24. FASHION SHOW:
Faculty Members : Ms. Nida Hasan
Mrs. Neetu Singh Bannerjee
Ms. Ankita Yadav
Mr. Sanaver Alam
Mr. Nazmul Hasan
Ms. Shewta Srivastava
Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh
Student Members : Himanshu Shankar Pandey
(CS-4th)
Jyoti Ranglani(MBA-2nd)
25. HOSPITALITY CELL;
Faculty Members : Dr. Tegh Alam
Mr. Mohiuddin
Mr. Haroon Ahmad
Mr. Vimlesh Kumar Gupta
Ms. Neha Mahendra
Mr. Syed Mohd. Akmal
Mr. Uday Singh
Mr. Afsaruddin
Student Members : Nripdev Singh(ME-4th)
Mustafa Hasan(CS-4th)
Aarti Chauhan(CS-4th)
Mahendra pratap Singh
( EL-3rd )
26. COMPERING CELL:
Faculty Members : Ms. Nidhi Rastogi
Ms Atifa Parveen
Ms Garima Srivastava
Ms Richa Parihar
Ms. Kirti Mishra
Mr. Manoj Kumar Singh
Ms. Zeba Khan
Mr. Zubair Ahmad
Student Members : Rishab Krishna Aggrawal
(CS-4th)
: Richa Yadav(EIC-4th)
Rahul Mishra(MBA-2nd)
27. MUSIC CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Uday Singh
Ms. Sonal
Ms. Shaheen
Ms. Archana Bharti
Mr. Sachin Khare
Mr. Rohit Chandra
Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh
Mr. Subodh
Mr. Imran Khan
Mr. Neeraj Vimal
Student Members : Gaurav Singh Chauhan
(EL-4th)
Kameshwar Shukla(IT-4th)
28. BUSINESS BUZZ:
Faculty Members : Prof Ahmaruddin
Mr. Rupesh Rastogi
Mr. Parvez Rauf Khan
Mr. Mohd. Asif
Ms. Deepti Verma
Mr. Mohd. Tariq Jamali
Mr. Amit Trivedi
Student Members : Nilima Singh(CS-4th)
29. FINE ARTS CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Vishal Srivastav
Mr. Devendra Kumar
Ms. Fiza Frooqui
Mrs. Leena Chaudhary
Ms. Chitranshi Gupta
Mr. Shaban Ahmad Siddiqui
Ms. Ruchi Srivastava
Mr. Ram Lautan Verma
Student Members : Aditi(CS-4th)
Charu Sharma(CS-4th)
30. DISCIPLINE CELL:
Faculty Members : Mr. Rais Khan
: Mr. B.K.Singh
Ms. Nidhi Rastogi
Mr. Vipin Chandra Pal
Mr. Abhishekh Kumar
Mr. Imteyaz Ahmad
Ms Divya Nigam
Mr. S.Ali
Student Members : Yogesh Singh(ME-4th)
31. SPONSORSHIP CELL;
Faculty Members : Mr Ayaz Ahmad
Mr. Vishal Srivastava
Mr. Jitendra Kumar
Yadav
Ms. Shweta Kumari
Ms. Priyanka Thakur
Mr. A.K.Deb
Mr. Usama Husain
Mr. Man Mohan Singh
Mr. Latif
Mr. Waseem
Mr. Shujat
Student Members Vinay Singh(EE-4th)
Anurag Dubey(EE-4th)
31. REGISTRATION AND ENQUIRY CELL
Faculty Members : Mr. A.K.Deb
Mr. R.A.Khan
Dr. Ahmar Uddin Mohd.
Dr. Anis Ahmad
Ms. Fiza Farooqi
Mr. Mohd. Osama
Ms. Taiyyaba Yazdani
Mr. P. C. Sharma
Ms. Syeda Neda Fatima
Ms. Kirti Saxena
Mr. Vijay Shukla
Mr. Merajuddin
Mr. Ajit Kumar Rastogi
Student Members Singh Pradeep Kumar
(CS-4th)
Manish Singh(EL-4th)
Abhijeet Pul(CS-4th)
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Monday, March 29, 2010
Saturday, August 29, 2009
Unit 1
UNIT I
1. Information Technology
2. Computer Hardware
3. Computer Software
4. Network and Internet
5. Computing Resources
1. Information Technology
As the data that is raw facts that can be numbers, images, characters or unprocessed physical symbols. Such data is typically further processed by a human or input into a computer, stored and processed there, or transmitted (output) to another human or computer (possibly through a data cable). Raw data is a relative term; data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next. The Information is processed data and this information when used with computer, it will be computer based information that is required to store, retrieve and manipulate time to time.
The terms information and knowledge are frequently used for overlapping concepts. The main difference is in the level of abstraction being considered. Data is the lowest level of abstraction, information is the next level, and finally, knowledge is the highest level among all three.
For example, the height of Mt. Everest is generally considered as "data", a book on Mt. Everest geological characteristics may be considered as "information", and a report containing practical information on the best way to reach Mt. Everest's peak may be considered as "knowledge".
Information as a concept bears a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
Information is knowledge or intelligence whereas, data is a processed, organized and stored information
and when this information treated with hardware and software and network, it gets a term Information technology.
Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.
“Information Technology is the use of hardware, software, services, and supporting infrastructure to manage and deliver information.”
Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term has become very recognizable. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems.
When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "infotech". Information technology is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. Presumably, when speaking of Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that the use of computers and information are associated.
The term information technology is sometimes said to have been coined by Jim Domsic of Michigan in November 1981
2. Computer Hardware
A computer is a programmable machine (or more precisely, a programmable sequential state machine). There are two basic kinds of computers: analog and digital.
Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings.
A digital computer is a programmable clocked sequential state machine. A digital computer uses discrete states. A binary digital computer uses two discrete states, such as positive/negative, high/low, on/off, used to represent the binary digits zero and one.
Computers are used for a wide variety of purposes.
Data processing is commercial and financial work. This includes such things as billing, shipping and receiving, inventory control, and similar business related functions, as well as the “electronic office”.
Scientific processing is using a computer to support science. This can be as simple as gathering and analyzing raw data and as complex as modelling natural phenomenon (weather and climate models, thermodynamics, nuclear engineering, etc.).
Multimedia includes content creation (composing music, performing music, recording music, editing film and video, special effects, animation, illustration, laying out print materials, etc.) and multimedia playback (games, DVDs, instructional materials, etc.).
Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.
Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit
The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the computer where you can store information!).
The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the mail, or to make backup copies of important items.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
There's too much "stuff" on your computer's hard disk to use it all at the same time. During the average session sitting at the computer, you'll probably use only a small amount of all that's available. The stuff you're working with at any given moment is stored in random access memory (often abbreviated RAM, and often called simply "memory"). The advantage using RAM to store whatever you're working on at the moment is that RAM is very fast. Much faster than any disk. For you, "fast" translates to less time waiting and more time being productive.
So if RAM is so fast, why not put everything in it? Why have a hard disk at all? The answer to that lies in the fact that RAM is volatile. As soon as the computer is shut off, whether intentionally or by an accidental power outage, every thing in RAM disappears, just as quickly as a light bulb goes out when the plug is pulled. So you don't want to rely on RAM to hold everything. A disk, on the other hand, holds its information whether the power is on or off.
Rom (Read Only Memory)
ROM is Read Only Memory (it is also random access, but only for reads). ROM is typically used to store things that will never change for the life of the computer, such as low level portions of an operating system. Some processors (or variations within processor families) might have RAM and/or ROM built into the same chip as the processor (normally used for processors used in standalone devices, such as arcade video games, ATMs, microwave ovens, car ignition systems, etc.). EPROM is Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, a special kind of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed with specialized equipment (but not by the processor it is connected to). EPROMs allow makers of industrial devices (and other similar equipment) to have the benefits of ROM, yet also allow for updating or upgrading the software without having to buy new ROM and throw out the old (the EPROMs are collected, erased and rewritten centrally, then placed back into the machines).
The Hard Disk
All of the information that's "in your computer", so to speak, is stored on your computer's hard disk. You never see that actual hard disk because it's sealed inside a special housing and needs to stay that way. Unlike RAM, which is volatile, the hard disk can hold information forever -- with or without electricity. Most modern hard disks have tens of billions of bytes of storage space on them. Which, in English, means that you can create, save, and download files for months or years without using up all the storage space it provides.
In the unlikely event that you do manage to fill up your hard disk, Windows will start showing a little message on the screen that reads "You are running low on disk space" well in advance of any problems. In fact, if that message appears, it won't until you're down to about 800 MB of free space. And 800 MB of empty space is equal to about 600 blank floppy disks. That's still plenty of room!
The Mouse
Obviously you know how to use your mouse, since you must have used it to get here. But let's take a look at the facts and buzzwords anyway. Your mouse probably has at least two buttons on it. The button on the left is called the primary mouse button, the button on the right is called the secondary mouse button or just the right mouse button. I'll just refer to them as the left and right mouse buttons. Many mice have a small wheel between the two mouse buttons, as illustrated in fig..
The idea is to rest your hand comfortably on the mouse, with your index finger touching (but not pressing on) the left mouse button. Then, as you move the mouse, the mouse pointer (the little arrow on the screen) moves in the same direction. When moving the mouse, try to keep the buttons aimed toward the monitor -- don't "twist" the mouse as that just makes it all the harder to control the position of the mouse pointer.
If you find yourself reaching too far to get the mouse pointer where you want it to be on the screen, just pick up the mouse, move it to where it's comfortable to hold it, and place it back down on the mousepad or desk. The buzzwords that describe how you use the mouse are as follows:
· Point: To point to an item means to move the mouse pointer so that it's touching the item.
· Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release) the left mouse button.
· Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse button twice in rapid succession - click-click as fast as you can.
· Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse button on the right.
· Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the left mouse button.
· Right-drag: Point to an item, then hold down the right mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the right mouse button.
The Keyboard
Like the mouse, the keyboard is a means of interacting with your computer. You really only need to use the keyboard when you're typing text. Most of the keys on the keyboard are laid out like the keys on a typewriter. But there are some special keys like Esc (Escape), Ctrl (Control), and Alt (Alternate). There are also some keys across the top of the keyboard labeled F1, F2, F3, and so forth. Those are called the function keys, and the exact role they play depends on which program you happen to be using at the moment.
Most keyboards also have a numeric keypad with the keys laid out like the keys on a typical adding machine. If you're accustomed to using an adding machine, you might want to use the numeric keypad, rather than the numbers across the top of the keyboard, to type numbers. It doesn't really matter which keys you use. The numeric keypad is just there as a convenience to people who are accustomed to adding machines.
Most keyboards also contain a set of navigation keys. You can use the navigation keys to move around through text on the screen. The navigation keys won't move the mouse pointer. Only the mouse moves the mouse pointer.
On smaller keyboards where space is limited, such as on a notebook computer, the navigation keys and numeric keypad might be one in the same. There will be a Num Lock key on the keypad. When the Num Lock key is "on", the numeric keypad keys type numbers. When the Num Lock key is "off", the navigation keys come into play. The Num Lock key acts as a toggle. Which is to say, when you tap it, it switches to the opposite state. For example, if Num Lock is on, tapping that key turns it off. If Num Lock is off, tapping that key turns Num Lock on.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.
The internal hardware parts of a computer are often referred to as components, while external hardware devices are usually called peripherals. Together, they all fall under the category of computer hardware. Software, on the other hand, consists of the programs and applications that run on computers. Because software runs on computer hardware, software programs often have system requirements that list the minimum hardware required for the software to run.
Processor
The processor is the part of the computer that actually does the computations. This is sometimes called an MPU (for main processor unit) or CPU (for central processing unit or central processor unit). A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit (including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units (the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). Some computers have more than one processor. This is called multi-processing. The major kinds of digital processors are: CISC, RISC, DSP, and hybrid.
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC.
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. RISC came about as a result of academic research that showed that a small well designed instruction set running compiled programs at high speed could perform more computing work than a CISC running the same programs (although very expensive hand optimized assembly language favored CISC).
DSP stands for Digital Signal Processing. DSP is used primarily in dedicated devices, such as MODEMs, digital cameras, graphics cards, and other specialty devices.
Hybrid processors combine elements of two or three of the major classes of processors.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) and Control unit and Buses to connectivity.
An arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs integer arithmetic and logic operations. It also performs shift and rotate operations and other specialized operations. Usually floating point arithmetic is performed by a dedicated floating point unit (FPU), which may be implemented as a co-processor.
Control units are in charge of the computer. Control units fetch and decode machine instructions. Control units may also control some external devices.
A bus is a set (group) of parallel lines that information (data, addresses, instructions, and other information) travels on inside a computer. Information travels on buses as a series of electrical pulses, each pulse representing a one bit or a zero bit (there are trinary, or three-state, buses, but they are rare). An internal bus is a bus inside the processor, moving data, addresses, instructions, and other information between registers and other internal components or units. An external bus is a bus outside of the processor (but inside the computer), moving data, addresses, and other information between major components (including cards) inside the computer. Some common kinds of buses are the system bus, a data bus, an address bus, a cache bus, a memory bus, and an I/O bus.
3. Computer software
Your computer is a hardware device that reads software too. Most of the software on your computer comes in the form of programs. A program consists of "instructions" that tell the computer what to do, how to behave. Just as there are thousands of albums you can buy on CD for your stereo, and thousands of movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player, there are thousands of programs that you can buy to run on your computer.
When you buy a computer, you don't automatically get every program produced by every software company in the world. You usually get some programs. For example, when you buy a computer it will probably have an operating system (like Windows XP) already installed on it.
If you do purchase a specific program, it would be to perform some specific task. For example, you might use a graphics program to touch up photos, or you might use a word processing program to write text. You're using your Web browser program right now to read this text (assuming you're not reading a printed copy on paper). Just as there are umpteen different brands of toothpaste, there are umpteen different brands of word processing programs, graphics programs, and Web browsers.
When you purchase a program, you get the program stored on a CD as in the example shown at left. You may not have seen any boxes containing software when you bought your computer. That's because the software that came with your computer has been pre-installed onto your computer's hard disk for you. You don't need to use the CD to run a program that's already installed on your computer. You only need to keep the CDs as backups, in case something goes wrong with your hard disk and you need to re-install the programs.
Perhaps you're wondering what programs are installed on your computer. Usually when you buy a computer, they tell you what programs you're getting with it. So if you were to go back to the original ad from which you bought your computer, you'd probably find the names of programs you already have listed there. Though there's no need to do that, because every program that's currently installed on your computer is listed in your All Programs menu (assuming you're using Windows XP). Now you can use the particular software on your computer by clicking on that.
Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe the role that computer programs, procedures and documentation play in a computer system.
Computer software is most commonly created by computer programmers using a programming language. The programmer writes commands in the programming language that are similar to what someone might use in everyday speech. These commands are called source code. Another computer program called a compiler is then used on the source code, transforming the commands into a language that the computer can understand. The result is an executable computer program, which is another name for software.
Computer software falls into two primary categories: system software and application software. System software represents programs that allow the hardware to run properly. Application software represents programs that allow users to do something besides simply run the hardware. Some experts also include a third category, programming software, though others put those programs into one of the other previously mentioned categories.
The computer software falls in following category as
(a) System software
(b) Application software
(c) Programming software
System software
System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes combination of the following:
device drivers
operating systems
servers
utilities
windowing systems
The purpose of systems software is to unburden the applications programmer from the details of the particular computer complex being used, including such accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner.
Application software
Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (not directly computer development related) tasks. Typical applications include:
industrial automation
business software
computer games
telecommunications (i.e., the internet and everything that flows on it)
databases
educational software
medical software
military software
spreadsheet
photo-editing
Word processing
Application software exists for and has impacted a wide variety of topics.
Programming software
Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include:
compilers
debuggers
interpreters
linkers
text editors
An Integrated development environment (IDE) is a single application that attempts to manage all these functions that provides operating systems.
Firmware which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers.
Middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
Testware which is an umbrella term or container term for all utilities and application software that serve in combination for testing a software package but not necessarily may optionally contribute to operational purposes. As such, testware is not a standing configuration but merely a working environment for application software or subsets thereof.
A few different types of computer software for end users include:
Computer Games – a form of entertainment software that has many genres. Some of these genres include MMOs (Massive Multiplayer Online games), first-person shooters, action games, roleplaying games, and adventure games.
Driver Software – programs that allow a computer to interact with additional hardware devices such as printers, scanners, and video cards.
Educational Software – programs and games that teach the user or provide drills to help memorize facts. Educational software is diverse, and can teach anything from computer-related activities like typing to higher education subjects like chemistry.
Media Players and Media Development Software – software designed to play and/or edit digital media files such as music and videos.
Productivity Software – an older term that refers to any programs that would allow the user to be more productive in a business sense. Word processors, database management utilities, and presentation software all fall into this category.
Operating Systems - software that coordinates system resources and allows other programs to run. A few examples are Windows Vista, Mac OS X, and Linux.
Computer software is a general term that describes computer programs. Related terms such as software programs, applications, scripts, and instruction sets all fall under the category of computer software. Therefore, installing new programs or applications on your computer is synonymous with installing new software on your computer.
Software can be difficult to describe because it is "virtual," or not physical like computer hardware. Instead, software consists of lines of code written by computer programmers that have been compiled into a computer program. Software programs are stored as binary data that is copied to a computer's hard drive, when it is installed. Since software is virtual and does not take up any physical space, it is much easier (and often cheaper) to upgrade than computer hardware.
While at its most basic level, software consists of binary data, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and other types of media that are used to distribute software can also be called software. Therefore, when you buy a software program, it often comes on a disc, which is a physical means of storing the software.
4. Network and Internet
Network
In information technology, a network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and contain subnetworks.
A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of some types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.
When you have two or more computers connected to each other, you have a network. The purpose of a network is to enable the sharing of files and information between multiple systems. The Internet could be described as a global network of networks. Computer networks can be connected through cables, such as Ethernet cables or phone lines, or wirelessly, using wireless networking cards that send and receive data through the air.
A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer networks, including:
Local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).
Wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.
metropolitan-area networks MANs): A data network designed for a town or city.
Home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's digital devices.
In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of networks:
Topology: The word topology is used both for the mathematical discipline and for a family of sets with certain prope
rties that are used to define a topological space, a basic object of topology. The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring.
Bus topology: All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks. Ethernet systems use a bus topology.
Ring topology: All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive
and difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.
Star topology: All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub.
Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers to communicate with each other across a network. A protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between computing endpoints. In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of the two. At the lowest level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection. One of the most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet.
Architecture: Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.
Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. Network architecture is the design of a communications network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used in its operation. Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network are called servers.
Internet
As we approach a new millennium, the Internet is revolutionizing our society, our economy and our technological systems. No one knows for certain how far, or in what direction, the Internet will evolve. But no one should underestimate its importance.
Ten years ago, most of the world knew little or nothing about the Internet. It was the private enclave of computer scientists and researchers who used it to interact with colleagues in their respective disciplines. Today, the Internet’s magnitude is thousands of times what it was only a decade ago. It is estimated that about 60 million host computers on the Internet today serve about 200 million users in over 200 countries and territories.
The underpinnings of the Internet are formed by the global interconnection of hundreds of thousands of otherwise independent computers, communications entities and information systems. What makes this interconnection possible is the use of a set of communication standards, procedures and formats in common among the networks and the various devices and computational facilities connected to them. The procedures by which computers communicate with each other are called "protocols." While this infrastructure is steadily evolving to include new capabilities, the protocols initially used by the Internet are called the "TCP/IP" protocols, named after the two protocols that formed the principal basis for Internet operation.
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.
Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.
For many Internet users, electronic mail (e-mail) has practically replaced the Postal Service for short written transactions. Electronic mail is the most widely used application on the Net. You can also carry on live "conversations" with other computer users, using Internet Relay Chat (IRC). More recently, Internet telephony hardware and software allows real-time voice conversations.
The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of images that are "clickable." If you move the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes into a hand, this indicates that you can click and be transferred to another site.
Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.
5. Computing Resources
Computing resources include computers, hardware, software, computer accounts, computing facilities, and the network environment. As in computational complexity theory, a computational/computing resources are the resources that used by some computational models in the solution of computational problems.
The simplest computational resources are computation time, the number of steps necessary to solve a problem, and memory space, the amount of storage needed while solving the problem, but many more complicated resources have been defined. The resources needed to solve a problem are described in terms of asymptotic analysis, by identifying the resources as a function of the length or size of the input.
Computational resources are useful because we can study which problems can be computed in a certain amount of each computational resource. In this way, we can determine whether algorithms for solving the problem are optimal. The set of all of the computational problems that can be solved using a certain amount of a certain computational resource is a complexity class, and relationships between different complexity classes are one of the most important topics in complexity theory. The term "Computational resource" is commonly used to describe accessible computing equipment and software.
Utility computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility (such as electricity, water, natural gas, or telephone network). This system has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire hardware; instead, computational resources are essentially rented.
Conventional Internet hosting services have the capability to quickly arrange for the rental of individual servers, for example to provision a bank of web servers to accommodate a sudden surge in traffic to a web site.
"Utility computing" has usually envisioned some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer. Multiple servers are used on the "back end" to make this possible. These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out, or even an under-utilized supercomputer. The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing. The definition of "utility computing" is sometimes extended to specialized tasks, such as web services.
The term "grid computing" is often used to describe a particular form of distributed computing, where the supporting nodes are geographically distributed or cross administrative domains. To provide utility computing services, a company can "bundle" the resources of members of the public for sale, who might be paid with a portion of the revenue from clients.
1. Information Technology
2. Computer Hardware
3. Computer Software
4. Network and Internet
5. Computing Resources
1. Information Technology
As the data that is raw facts that can be numbers, images, characters or unprocessed physical symbols. Such data is typically further processed by a human or input into a computer, stored and processed there, or transmitted (output) to another human or computer (possibly through a data cable). Raw data is a relative term; data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next. The Information is processed data and this information when used with computer, it will be computer based information that is required to store, retrieve and manipulate time to time.
The terms information and knowledge are frequently used for overlapping concepts. The main difference is in the level of abstraction being considered. Data is the lowest level of abstraction, information is the next level, and finally, knowledge is the highest level among all three.
For example, the height of Mt. Everest is generally considered as "data", a book on Mt. Everest geological characteristics may be considered as "information", and a report containing practical information on the best way to reach Mt. Everest's peak may be considered as "knowledge".
Information as a concept bears a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
Information is knowledge or intelligence whereas, data is a processed, organized and stored information
and when this information treated with hardware and software and network, it gets a term Information technology.
Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.
“Information Technology is the use of hardware, software, services, and supporting infrastructure to manage and deliver information.”
Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term has become very recognizable. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems.
When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "infotech". Information technology is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. Presumably, when speaking of Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that the use of computers and information are associated.
The term information technology is sometimes said to have been coined by Jim Domsic of Michigan in November 1981
2. Computer Hardware
A computer is a programmable machine (or more precisely, a programmable sequential state machine). There are two basic kinds of computers: analog and digital.
Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings.
A digital computer is a programmable clocked sequential state machine. A digital computer uses discrete states. A binary digital computer uses two discrete states, such as positive/negative, high/low, on/off, used to represent the binary digits zero and one.
Computers are used for a wide variety of purposes.
Data processing is commercial and financial work. This includes such things as billing, shipping and receiving, inventory control, and similar business related functions, as well as the “electronic office”.
Scientific processing is using a computer to support science. This can be as simple as gathering and analyzing raw data and as complex as modelling natural phenomenon (weather and climate models, thermodynamics, nuclear engineering, etc.).
Multimedia includes content creation (composing music, performing music, recording music, editing film and video, special effects, animation, illustration, laying out print materials, etc.) and multimedia playback (games, DVDs, instructional materials, etc.).
Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.
Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit
The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the computer where you can store information!).
The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the mail, or to make backup copies of important items.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
There's too much "stuff" on your computer's hard disk to use it all at the same time. During the average session sitting at the computer, you'll probably use only a small amount of all that's available. The stuff you're working with at any given moment is stored in random access memory (often abbreviated RAM, and often called simply "memory"). The advantage using RAM to store whatever you're working on at the moment is that RAM is very fast. Much faster than any disk. For you, "fast" translates to less time waiting and more time being productive.
So if RAM is so fast, why not put everything in it? Why have a hard disk at all? The answer to that lies in the fact that RAM is volatile. As soon as the computer is shut off, whether intentionally or by an accidental power outage, every thing in RAM disappears, just as quickly as a light bulb goes out when the plug is pulled. So you don't want to rely on RAM to hold everything. A disk, on the other hand, holds its information whether the power is on or off.
Rom (Read Only Memory)
ROM is Read Only Memory (it is also random access, but only for reads). ROM is typically used to store things that will never change for the life of the computer, such as low level portions of an operating system. Some processors (or variations within processor families) might have RAM and/or ROM built into the same chip as the processor (normally used for processors used in standalone devices, such as arcade video games, ATMs, microwave ovens, car ignition systems, etc.). EPROM is Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, a special kind of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed with specialized equipment (but not by the processor it is connected to). EPROMs allow makers of industrial devices (and other similar equipment) to have the benefits of ROM, yet also allow for updating or upgrading the software without having to buy new ROM and throw out the old (the EPROMs are collected, erased and rewritten centrally, then placed back into the machines).
The Hard Disk
All of the information that's "in your computer", so to speak, is stored on your computer's hard disk. You never see that actual hard disk because it's sealed inside a special housing and needs to stay that way. Unlike RAM, which is volatile, the hard disk can hold information forever -- with or without electricity. Most modern hard disks have tens of billions of bytes of storage space on them. Which, in English, means that you can create, save, and download files for months or years without using up all the storage space it provides.
In the unlikely event that you do manage to fill up your hard disk, Windows will start showing a little message on the screen that reads "You are running low on disk space" well in advance of any problems. In fact, if that message appears, it won't until you're down to about 800 MB of free space. And 800 MB of empty space is equal to about 600 blank floppy disks. That's still plenty of room!
The Mouse
Obviously you know how to use your mouse, since you must have used it to get here. But let's take a look at the facts and buzzwords anyway. Your mouse probably has at least two buttons on it. The button on the left is called the primary mouse button, the button on the right is called the secondary mouse button or just the right mouse button. I'll just refer to them as the left and right mouse buttons. Many mice have a small wheel between the two mouse buttons, as illustrated in fig..
The idea is to rest your hand comfortably on the mouse, with your index finger touching (but not pressing on) the left mouse button. Then, as you move the mouse, the mouse pointer (the little arrow on the screen) moves in the same direction. When moving the mouse, try to keep the buttons aimed toward the monitor -- don't "twist" the mouse as that just makes it all the harder to control the position of the mouse pointer.
If you find yourself reaching too far to get the mouse pointer where you want it to be on the screen, just pick up the mouse, move it to where it's comfortable to hold it, and place it back down on the mousepad or desk. The buzzwords that describe how you use the mouse are as follows:
· Point: To point to an item means to move the mouse pointer so that it's touching the item.
· Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release) the left mouse button.
· Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse button twice in rapid succession - click-click as fast as you can.
· Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse button on the right.
· Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the left mouse button.
· Right-drag: Point to an item, then hold down the right mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the right mouse button.
The Keyboard
Like the mouse, the keyboard is a means of interacting with your computer. You really only need to use the keyboard when you're typing text. Most of the keys on the keyboard are laid out like the keys on a typewriter. But there are some special keys like Esc (Escape), Ctrl (Control), and Alt (Alternate). There are also some keys across the top of the keyboard labeled F1, F2, F3, and so forth. Those are called the function keys, and the exact role they play depends on which program you happen to be using at the moment.
Most keyboards also have a numeric keypad with the keys laid out like the keys on a typical adding machine. If you're accustomed to using an adding machine, you might want to use the numeric keypad, rather than the numbers across the top of the keyboard, to type numbers. It doesn't really matter which keys you use. The numeric keypad is just there as a convenience to people who are accustomed to adding machines.
Most keyboards also contain a set of navigation keys. You can use the navigation keys to move around through text on the screen. The navigation keys won't move the mouse pointer. Only the mouse moves the mouse pointer.
On smaller keyboards where space is limited, such as on a notebook computer, the navigation keys and numeric keypad might be one in the same. There will be a Num Lock key on the keypad. When the Num Lock key is "on", the numeric keypad keys type numbers. When the Num Lock key is "off", the navigation keys come into play. The Num Lock key acts as a toggle. Which is to say, when you tap it, it switches to the opposite state. For example, if Num Lock is on, tapping that key turns it off. If Num Lock is off, tapping that key turns Num Lock on.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.
The internal hardware parts of a computer are often referred to as components, while external hardware devices are usually called peripherals. Together, they all fall under the category of computer hardware. Software, on the other hand, consists of the programs and applications that run on computers. Because software runs on computer hardware, software programs often have system requirements that list the minimum hardware required for the software to run.
Processor
The processor is the part of the computer that actually does the computations. This is sometimes called an MPU (for main processor unit) or CPU (for central processing unit or central processor unit). A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit (including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units (the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). Some computers have more than one processor. This is called multi-processing. The major kinds of digital processors are: CISC, RISC, DSP, and hybrid.
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC.
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. RISC came about as a result of academic research that showed that a small well designed instruction set running compiled programs at high speed could perform more computing work than a CISC running the same programs (although very expensive hand optimized assembly language favored CISC).
DSP stands for Digital Signal Processing. DSP is used primarily in dedicated devices, such as MODEMs, digital cameras, graphics cards, and other specialty devices.
Hybrid processors combine elements of two or three of the major classes of processors.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) and Control unit and Buses to connectivity.
An arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs integer arithmetic and logic operations. It also performs shift and rotate operations and other specialized operations. Usually floating point arithmetic is performed by a dedicated floating point unit (FPU), which may be implemented as a co-processor.
Control units are in charge of the computer. Control units fetch and decode machine instructions. Control units may also control some external devices.
A bus is a set (group) of parallel lines that information (data, addresses, instructions, and other information) travels on inside a computer. Information travels on buses as a series of electrical pulses, each pulse representing a one bit or a zero bit (there are trinary, or three-state, buses, but they are rare). An internal bus is a bus inside the processor, moving data, addresses, instructions, and other information between registers and other internal components or units. An external bus is a bus outside of the processor (but inside the computer), moving data, addresses, and other information between major components (including cards) inside the computer. Some common kinds of buses are the system bus, a data bus, an address bus, a cache bus, a memory bus, and an I/O bus.
3. Computer software
Your computer is a hardware device that reads software too. Most of the software on your computer comes in the form of programs. A program consists of "instructions" that tell the computer what to do, how to behave. Just as there are thousands of albums you can buy on CD for your stereo, and thousands of movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player, there are thousands of programs that you can buy to run on your computer.
When you buy a computer, you don't automatically get every program produced by every software company in the world. You usually get some programs. For example, when you buy a computer it will probably have an operating system (like Windows XP) already installed on it.
If you do purchase a specific program, it would be to perform some specific task. For example, you might use a graphics program to touch up photos, or you might use a word processing program to write text. You're using your Web browser program right now to read this text (assuming you're not reading a printed copy on paper). Just as there are umpteen different brands of toothpaste, there are umpteen different brands of word processing programs, graphics programs, and Web browsers.
When you purchase a program, you get the program stored on a CD as in the example shown at left. You may not have seen any boxes containing software when you bought your computer. That's because the software that came with your computer has been pre-installed onto your computer's hard disk for you. You don't need to use the CD to run a program that's already installed on your computer. You only need to keep the CDs as backups, in case something goes wrong with your hard disk and you need to re-install the programs.
Perhaps you're wondering what programs are installed on your computer. Usually when you buy a computer, they tell you what programs you're getting with it. So if you were to go back to the original ad from which you bought your computer, you'd probably find the names of programs you already have listed there. Though there's no need to do that, because every program that's currently installed on your computer is listed in your All Programs menu (assuming you're using Windows XP). Now you can use the particular software on your computer by clicking on that.
Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe the role that computer programs, procedures and documentation play in a computer system.
Computer software is most commonly created by computer programmers using a programming language. The programmer writes commands in the programming language that are similar to what someone might use in everyday speech. These commands are called source code. Another computer program called a compiler is then used on the source code, transforming the commands into a language that the computer can understand. The result is an executable computer program, which is another name for software.
Computer software falls into two primary categories: system software and application software. System software represents programs that allow the hardware to run properly. Application software represents programs that allow users to do something besides simply run the hardware. Some experts also include a third category, programming software, though others put those programs into one of the other previously mentioned categories.
The computer software falls in following category as
(a) System software
(b) Application software
(c) Programming software
System software
System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes combination of the following:
device drivers
operating systems
servers
utilities
windowing systems
The purpose of systems software is to unburden the applications programmer from the details of the particular computer complex being used, including such accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner.
Application software
Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (not directly computer development related) tasks. Typical applications include:
industrial automation
business software
computer games
telecommunications (i.e., the internet and everything that flows on it)
databases
educational software
medical software
military software
spreadsheet
photo-editing
Word processing
Application software exists for and has impacted a wide variety of topics.
Programming software
Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include:
compilers
debuggers
interpreters
linkers
text editors
An Integrated development environment (IDE) is a single application that attempts to manage all these functions that provides operating systems.
Firmware which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers.
Middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
Testware which is an umbrella term or container term for all utilities and application software that serve in combination for testing a software package but not necessarily may optionally contribute to operational purposes. As such, testware is not a standing configuration but merely a working environment for application software or subsets thereof.
A few different types of computer software for end users include:
Computer Games – a form of entertainment software that has many genres. Some of these genres include MMOs (Massive Multiplayer Online games), first-person shooters, action games, roleplaying games, and adventure games.
Driver Software – programs that allow a computer to interact with additional hardware devices such as printers, scanners, and video cards.
Educational Software – programs and games that teach the user or provide drills to help memorize facts. Educational software is diverse, and can teach anything from computer-related activities like typing to higher education subjects like chemistry.
Media Players and Media Development Software – software designed to play and/or edit digital media files such as music and videos.
Productivity Software – an older term that refers to any programs that would allow the user to be more productive in a business sense. Word processors, database management utilities, and presentation software all fall into this category.
Operating Systems - software that coordinates system resources and allows other programs to run. A few examples are Windows Vista, Mac OS X, and Linux.
Computer software is a general term that describes computer programs. Related terms such as software programs, applications, scripts, and instruction sets all fall under the category of computer software. Therefore, installing new programs or applications on your computer is synonymous with installing new software on your computer.
Software can be difficult to describe because it is "virtual," or not physical like computer hardware. Instead, software consists of lines of code written by computer programmers that have been compiled into a computer program. Software programs are stored as binary data that is copied to a computer's hard drive, when it is installed. Since software is virtual and does not take up any physical space, it is much easier (and often cheaper) to upgrade than computer hardware.
While at its most basic level, software consists of binary data, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and other types of media that are used to distribute software can also be called software. Therefore, when you buy a software program, it often comes on a disc, which is a physical means of storing the software.
4. Network and Internet
Network
In information technology, a network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and contain subnetworks.
A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of some types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.
When you have two or more computers connected to each other, you have a network. The purpose of a network is to enable the sharing of files and information between multiple systems. The Internet could be described as a global network of networks. Computer networks can be connected through cables, such as Ethernet cables or phone lines, or wirelessly, using wireless networking cards that send and receive data through the air.
A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer networks, including:
Local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).
Wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.
metropolitan-area networks MANs): A data network designed for a town or city.
Home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's digital devices.
In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of networks:
Topology: The word topology is used both for the mathematical discipline and for a family of sets with certain prope
rties that are used to define a topological space, a basic object of topology. The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring.Bus topology: All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks. Ethernet systems use a bus topology.
Ring topology: All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive
and difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.
Star topology: All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub.
Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers to communicate with each other across a network. A protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between computing endpoints. In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of the two. At the lowest level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection. One of the most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet.
Architecture: Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.
Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. Network architecture is the design of a communications network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used in its operation. Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network are called servers.
Internet
As we approach a new millennium, the Internet is revolutionizing our society, our economy and our technological systems. No one knows for certain how far, or in what direction, the Internet will evolve. But no one should underestimate its importance.
Ten years ago, most of the world knew little or nothing about the Internet. It was the private enclave of computer scientists and researchers who used it to interact with colleagues in their respective disciplines. Today, the Internet’s magnitude is thousands of times what it was only a decade ago. It is estimated that about 60 million host computers on the Internet today serve about 200 million users in over 200 countries and territories.
The underpinnings of the Internet are formed by the global interconnection of hundreds of thousands of otherwise independent computers, communications entities and information systems. What makes this interconnection possible is the use of a set of communication standards, procedures and formats in common among the networks and the various devices and computational facilities connected to them. The procedures by which computers communicate with each other are called "protocols." While this infrastructure is steadily evolving to include new capabilities, the protocols initially used by the Internet are called the "TCP/IP" protocols, named after the two protocols that formed the principal basis for Internet operation.
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.
Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.
For many Internet users, electronic mail (e-mail) has practically replaced the Postal Service for short written transactions. Electronic mail is the most widely used application on the Net. You can also carry on live "conversations" with other computer users, using Internet Relay Chat (IRC). More recently, Internet telephony hardware and software allows real-time voice conversations.
The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of images that are "clickable." If you move the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes into a hand, this indicates that you can click and be transferred to another site.
Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.
5. Computing Resources
Computing resources include computers, hardware, software, computer accounts, computing facilities, and the network environment. As in computational complexity theory, a computational/computing resources are the resources that used by some computational models in the solution of computational problems.
The simplest computational resources are computation time, the number of steps necessary to solve a problem, and memory space, the amount of storage needed while solving the problem, but many more complicated resources have been defined. The resources needed to solve a problem are described in terms of asymptotic analysis, by identifying the resources as a function of the length or size of the input.
Computational resources are useful because we can study which problems can be computed in a certain amount of each computational resource. In this way, we can determine whether algorithms for solving the problem are optimal. The set of all of the computational problems that can be solved using a certain amount of a certain computational resource is a complexity class, and relationships between different complexity classes are one of the most important topics in complexity theory. The term "Computational resource" is commonly used to describe accessible computing equipment and software.
Utility computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility (such as electricity, water, natural gas, or telephone network). This system has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire hardware; instead, computational resources are essentially rented.
Conventional Internet hosting services have the capability to quickly arrange for the rental of individual servers, for example to provision a bank of web servers to accommodate a sudden surge in traffic to a web site.
"Utility computing" has usually envisioned some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer. Multiple servers are used on the "back end" to make this possible. These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out, or even an under-utilized supercomputer. The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing. The definition of "utility computing" is sometimes extended to specialized tasks, such as web services.
The term "grid computing" is often used to describe a particular form of distributed computing, where the supporting nodes are geographically distributed or cross administrative domains. To provide utility computing services, a company can "bundle" the resources of members of the public for sale, who might be paid with a portion of the revenue from clients.
Saturday, August 22, 2009
The Syllabus (3rd Semester)...
ECS-301 : Digital Logic Design
Unit-I
Digital system and binary numbers: : Signed binary numbers, binary codes, cyclic codes, error detecting and correcting codes, hamming codes.
Floating point representation
Gate-level minimization: The map method up to five variable, don’t care conditions, POS simplification, NAND and NOR implementation, Quine Mc-Clusky method (Tabular method).
Unit-II
Combinational Logic: Combinational circuits, analysis procedure, design procedure, binary adder-subtractor, decimal adder, binary multiplier, magnitude comparator, decoders, encoders, multiplexers
Unit-III
Synchronous Sequential logic: Sequential circuits, storage elements: latches, flip flops, analysis of clocked sequential circuits, state reduction and assignments, design procedure.
Registers and counters: Shift registers, ripple counter, synchronous counter, other counters.
Unit-IV
Memory and programmable logic: RAM, ROM, PLA, PAL.
Design at the register transfer level: ASMs, design example, design with multiplexers.
Unit-V
Asynchronous sequential logic: Analysis procedure, circuit with latches, design procedure, reduction of state and flow table, race free state assignment, hazards.
Text Book:M. Morris Mano and M. D. Ciletti, “Digital Design”, 4th Edition, Pearson Education
L T P
EAS-301: MATHEMATICS –III
Unit – I : Function of Complex variable
Analytic function, C-R equations, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula for derivatives of analytic function, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, singularities, Residue theorem, Evaluation of real integrals of the type and 10
Unit – II : Statistical Techniques - I
Moments, Moment generating functions, Skewness, Kurtosis, Curve fitting, Method of least squares, Fitting of straight lines, Polynomials, Exponential curves etc., Correlation, Linear, non –linear and multiple regression analysis, Probability theory. 08
Unit – III : Statistical Techniques - II
Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, Sampling theory (small and large), Tests of significations: Chi-square test, t-test, Analysis of variance (one way) , Application to engineering, medicine, agriculture etc.
Time series and forecasting (moving and semi-averages), Statistical quality control methods, Control charts, , R, p, np, and c charts. 08
Unit – IV : Numerical Techniques – I
Zeroes of transcendental and polynomial equation using Bisection method, Regula-falsi method and Newton-Raphson method, Rate of convergence of above methods.
Interpolation: Finite differences, difference tables, Newton’s forward and backward interpolation , Lagrange’s and Newton’s divided difference formula for unequal intervals. 08
Unit – V : Numerical Techniques –II
Solution of system of linear equations, Gauss- Seidal method, Crout method. Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration , Trapezoidal , Simpson’s one third and three-eight rules, Solution of ordinary differential (first order, second order and simultaneous) equations by Euler’s, Picard’s and forth-order Runge- Kutta mehthods. 08
Text Books :-
1. Peter V. O’Neil, Advance Engineering Mathematics Thomson (Cengage) Learning, 2007.
2. Jain, Iyenger & Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, New Age International, New Delhi , 2003.
3. J.N. Kapur, Mathematical Statistics, S. Chand & company Ltd.,2000
Reference Books :-
1. R.K. Jain & S.R.K. Iyenger, Advance Engineering Mathematics, Narosa Publication House, 2002.
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(6)
2. Chandrika Prasad, Advanced Mathematics for Engineers, Prasad Mudralaya, 1996.
3. E. Kreysig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
4. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, 2005.
5. Devi Prasad, An introduction to Numerical Analysis, Narosa Publication house, New Delhi 2006.
ECS-302 : DATA STRUCTURES USING - C
Unit - I
Introduction: Basic Terminology, Elementary Data Organization, Algorithm, Efficiency of an Algorithm, Time and Space Complexity, Asymptotic notations: Big-Oh, Time-Space trade-off. Abstract Data Types (ADT)
Arrays: Definition, Single and Multidimensional Arrays, Representation of Arrays: Row Major Order, and Column Major Order, Application of arrays, Sparse Matrices and their representations.
Linked lists: Array Implementation and Dynamic Implementation of Singly Linked Lists, Doubly Linked List, Circularly Linked List, Operations on a Linked List. Insertion, Deletion, Traversal, Polynomial Representation and Addition, Generalized Linked List
.
Unit – II
Stacks: Abstract Data Type, Primitive Stack operations: Push & Pop, Array and Linked Implementation of Stack in C, Application of stack: Prefix and Postfix Expressions, Evaluation of postfix expression, Recursion, Tower of Hanoi Problem, Simulating Recursion, Principles of recursion, Tail recursion, Removal of recursion
Queues, Operations on Queue: Create, Add, Delete, Full and Empty, Circular queues, Array and linked implementation of queues in C, Dequeue and Priority Queue.
Unit – III
Trees: Basic terminology, Binary Trees, Binary Tree Representation: Array Representation and Dynamic Representation, Complete Binary Tree, Algebraic Expressions, Extended Binary Trees, Array and Linked Representation of Binary trees, Tree Traversal algorithms: Inorder, Preorder and Postorder, Threaded Binary trees, Traversing Threaded Binary trees, Huffman algorithm.
Unit – IV
Graphs: Terminology, Sequential and linked Representations of Graphs: Adjacency Matrices, Adjacency List, Adjacency Multi list, Graph Traversal : Depth First Search and Breadth First Search, Connected Component, Spanning Trees, Minimum Cost Spanning Trees: Prims and Kruskal algorithm. Transistive Closure and Shortest Path algorithm: Warshal Algorithm and Dijikstra Algorithm, Introduction to Activity Networks
Unit – V
Searching : Sequential search, Binary Search, Comparison and Analysis
Internal Sorting: Insertion Sort, Selection, Bubble Sort, Quick Sort, Two Way Merge Sort, Heap Sort, Radix Sort, Practical consideration for Internal Sorting.
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Search Trees: Binary Search Trees(BST), Insertion and Deletion in BST, Complexity of Search Algorithm, AVL trees, Introduction to m-way Search Trees, B Trees & B+ Trees
Hashing: Hash Function, Collision Resolution Strategies
Storage Management: Garbage Collection and Compaction.
Text books and References:
1. Aaron M. Tenenbaum, Yedidyah Langsam and Moshe J. Augenstein “Data Structures Using C and C++” , PHI
2. Horowitz and Sahani, “Fundamentals of Data Structures”, Galgotia Publication
3. Jean Paul Trembley and Paul G. Sorenson, “An Introduction to Data Structures with applications”, McGraw Hill
4. R. Kruse etal, “Data Structures and Program Design in C”, Pearson Education
5. Lipschutz, “Data Structures” Schaum’s Outline Series, TMH
6. G A V Pai, “Data Structures and Algorithms”, TMH
ECS-303 : DISCRETE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES
Unit-I
Set Theory: Introduction, Combination of sets, Multisets, Ordered pairs. Proofs of some general identities on sets.
Relations: Definition, Operations on relations, Properties of relations, Composite Relations, Equality of relations, Recursive definition of relation, Order of relations.
Functions: Definition, Classification of functions, Operations on functions, Recursively defined functions. Growth of Functions.
Natural Numbers: Introduction, Mathematical Induction, Variants of Induction, Induction with Nonzero Base cases. Proof Methods, Proof by counter – example, Proof by contradiction.
Unit-II
Algebraic Structures: Definition, Groups, Subgroups and order, Cyclic Groups, Cosets, Lagrange's theorem, Normal Subgroups, Permutation and Symmetric groups, Group Homomorphisms, Definition and elementary properties of Rings and Fields, Integers Modulo n.
Unit-III
Partial order sets: Definition, Partial order sets, Combination of partial order sets, Hasse diagram.
Lattices: Definition, Properties of lattices – Bounded, Complemented, Modular and Complete lattice.
Boolean Algebra: Introduction, Axioms and Theorems of Boolean algebra, Algebraic manipulation of Boolean
expressions. Simplification of Boolean Functions, Karnaugh maps, Logic gates, Digital circuits and Boolean
algebra.
Unit-IV
Propositional Logic: Proposition, well formed formula, Truth tables, Tautology, Satisfiability, Contradiction,
Algebra of proposition, Theory of Inference.
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Predicate Logic: First order predicate, well formed formula of predicate, quantifiers, Inference theory of
predicate logic.
Unit-V
Trees : Definition, Binary tree, Binary tree traversal, Binary search tree.
Graphs: Definition and terminology, Representation of graphs, Multigraphs, Bipartite graphs, Planar graphs,
Isomorphism and Homeomorphism of graphs, Euler and Hamiltonian paths, Graph coloring,
Recurrence Relation & Generating function: Recursive definition of functions, Recursive algorithms, Method of solving recurrences.
Combinatorics: Introduction, Counting Techniques, Pigeonhole Principle, Pólya’s Counting
Theory.
References:
1. Koshy, Discrete Structures, Elsevier Pub. 2008
2. Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 6/e, McGraw-Hill, 2006.
3. B. Kolman, R.C. Busby, and S.C. Ross, Discrete Mathematical Structures, 5/e, Prentice Hall, 2004.
4. E.R. Scheinerman, Mathematics: A Discrete Introduction, Brooks/Cole, 2000.
5. R.P. Grimaldi, Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics, 5/e, Addison Wesley, 2004.
6. Jean Paul Trembley, R Manohar, Discrete Mathematical Structures with Application to Computer Science, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, NY, 1975.
ECS-304 : INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
UNIT I:
INTRODUCTION-Information Technology, Computer Hardware, Computer Software, Network and Internet, Computing Resources,
IT INFRASTRUCTURE- Design Issues, Requirements, IT System Management Process, Service Management Process, Information System Design, IT Infrastructure Library
UNIT II:
SERVICE DELIVERY PROCESS- Service Delivery Process, Service Level Management, Financial Management, Service Management, Capacity Management, Availability Management
UNIT III:
SERVICE SUPPORT PROCESS- Service Support Process, Configuration Management, Incident Management, Problem Management, Change Management, Release Management
(9)
STORAGE MANAGEMENT- Backup & Storage, Archive & Retrieve, Disaster Recovery, Space Management, Database & Application Protection, Bare Machine Recovery, Data Retention
UNIT IV:
SECURITY MANAGEMENT- Security, Computer and internet Security, Physical Security, Identity Management, Access Management. Intrusion Detection, Security Information Management
UNIT V:
IT ETHICS- Introduction to Cyber Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy and Law, Computer Forensics, Ethics and Internet, Cyber Crimes
EMERGING TRENDS in IT- Electronics Commerce, Electronic Data Interchange, Mobile Communication Development, Smart Card, Expert Systems
ECS -351 : Logic Design Lab
Objective: To understand the digital logic and create various systems by using these logics.
1. Introduction to digital electronics lab- nomenclature of digital ICs, specifications, study of the data sheet, concept of Vcc and ground, verification of the truth tables of logic gates using TTL ICs.
2. Implementation of the given Boolean function using logic gates in both SOP and POS forms.
3. Verification of state tables of RS, JK, T and D flip-flops using NAND & NOR gates.
4. Implementation and verification of Decoder/De-multiplexer and Encoder using logic gates.
5. Implementation of 4x1 multiplexer using logic gates.
6. Implementation of 4-bit parallel adder using 7483 IC.
7. Design, and verify the 4-bit synchronous counter.
8. Design, and verify the 4-bit asynchronous counter.
9. Mini Project.
ECS-352 : Data Structure Lab
Write Program in C or C++ for following.
• Array implementation of Stack, Queue, Circular Queue, List.
• Implementation of Stack, Queue, Circular Queue, List using Dynamic memory Allocation.
• Implementation of Tree Structures, Binary Tree, Tree Traversal, Binary Search Tree, Insertion and Deletion in BST.
• Implementation of Searching and Sorting Algorithms.
• Graph Implementation, BFS, DFS, Min. cost spanning tree, shortest path algorithm.
(10)
ECS-353 : Numerical Techniques Lab
Write Programs in ‘C’ Language:
1. To deduce error envolved in polynomial equation.
2. To Find out the root of the Algebraic and Transcendental equations using Bisection, Regula-falsi, Newton Raphson and Iterative Methods. Also give the rate of convergence of roots in tabular form for each of these methods.
3. To implement Newton’s Forward and Backward Interpolation formula.
4. To implement Gauss Forward and Backward, Bessel’s, Sterling’s and Evertt’s Interpolation formula
5. To implement Newton’s Divided Difference and Langranges Interpolation formula.
6. To implement Numerical Differentiations.
7. To implement Numerical Integration using Trapezoidal, Simpson 1/3 and Simpson 3/8 rule.
8. To implement Least Square Method for curve fitting.
9. To draw frequency chart like histogram, frequency curve and pie-chart etc.
10. To estimate regression equation from sampled data and evaluate values of standard deviation, t-statistics, regression coefficient, value of R2 for atleast two independent variables.
Unit-I
Digital system and binary numbers: : Signed binary numbers, binary codes, cyclic codes, error detecting and correcting codes, hamming codes.
Floating point representation
Gate-level minimization: The map method up to five variable, don’t care conditions, POS simplification, NAND and NOR implementation, Quine Mc-Clusky method (Tabular method).
Unit-II
Combinational Logic: Combinational circuits, analysis procedure, design procedure, binary adder-subtractor, decimal adder, binary multiplier, magnitude comparator, decoders, encoders, multiplexers
Unit-III
Synchronous Sequential logic: Sequential circuits, storage elements: latches, flip flops, analysis of clocked sequential circuits, state reduction and assignments, design procedure.
Registers and counters: Shift registers, ripple counter, synchronous counter, other counters.
Unit-IV
Memory and programmable logic: RAM, ROM, PLA, PAL.
Design at the register transfer level: ASMs, design example, design with multiplexers.
Unit-V
Asynchronous sequential logic: Analysis procedure, circuit with latches, design procedure, reduction of state and flow table, race free state assignment, hazards.
Text Book:M. Morris Mano and M. D. Ciletti, “Digital Design”, 4th Edition, Pearson Education
L T P
EAS-301: MATHEMATICS –III
Unit – I : Function of Complex variable
Analytic function, C-R equations, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula for derivatives of analytic function, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, singularities, Residue theorem, Evaluation of real integrals of the type and 10
Unit – II : Statistical Techniques - I
Moments, Moment generating functions, Skewness, Kurtosis, Curve fitting, Method of least squares, Fitting of straight lines, Polynomials, Exponential curves etc., Correlation, Linear, non –linear and multiple regression analysis, Probability theory. 08
Unit – III : Statistical Techniques - II
Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, Sampling theory (small and large), Tests of significations: Chi-square test, t-test, Analysis of variance (one way) , Application to engineering, medicine, agriculture etc.
Time series and forecasting (moving and semi-averages), Statistical quality control methods, Control charts, , R, p, np, and c charts. 08
Unit – IV : Numerical Techniques – I
Zeroes of transcendental and polynomial equation using Bisection method, Regula-falsi method and Newton-Raphson method, Rate of convergence of above methods.
Interpolation: Finite differences, difference tables, Newton’s forward and backward interpolation , Lagrange’s and Newton’s divided difference formula for unequal intervals. 08
Unit – V : Numerical Techniques –II
Solution of system of linear equations, Gauss- Seidal method, Crout method. Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration , Trapezoidal , Simpson’s one third and three-eight rules, Solution of ordinary differential (first order, second order and simultaneous) equations by Euler’s, Picard’s and forth-order Runge- Kutta mehthods. 08
Text Books :-
1. Peter V. O’Neil, Advance Engineering Mathematics Thomson (Cengage) Learning, 2007.
2. Jain, Iyenger & Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, New Age International, New Delhi , 2003.
3. J.N. Kapur, Mathematical Statistics, S. Chand & company Ltd.,2000
Reference Books :-
1. R.K. Jain & S.R.K. Iyenger, Advance Engineering Mathematics, Narosa Publication House, 2002.
(5)
(6)
2. Chandrika Prasad, Advanced Mathematics for Engineers, Prasad Mudralaya, 1996.
3. E. Kreysig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
4. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, 2005.
5. Devi Prasad, An introduction to Numerical Analysis, Narosa Publication house, New Delhi 2006.
ECS-302 : DATA STRUCTURES USING - C
Unit - I
Introduction: Basic Terminology, Elementary Data Organization, Algorithm, Efficiency of an Algorithm, Time and Space Complexity, Asymptotic notations: Big-Oh, Time-Space trade-off. Abstract Data Types (ADT)
Arrays: Definition, Single and Multidimensional Arrays, Representation of Arrays: Row Major Order, and Column Major Order, Application of arrays, Sparse Matrices and their representations.
Linked lists: Array Implementation and Dynamic Implementation of Singly Linked Lists, Doubly Linked List, Circularly Linked List, Operations on a Linked List. Insertion, Deletion, Traversal, Polynomial Representation and Addition, Generalized Linked List
.
Unit – II
Stacks: Abstract Data Type, Primitive Stack operations: Push & Pop, Array and Linked Implementation of Stack in C, Application of stack: Prefix and Postfix Expressions, Evaluation of postfix expression, Recursion, Tower of Hanoi Problem, Simulating Recursion, Principles of recursion, Tail recursion, Removal of recursion
Queues, Operations on Queue: Create, Add, Delete, Full and Empty, Circular queues, Array and linked implementation of queues in C, Dequeue and Priority Queue.
Unit – III
Trees: Basic terminology, Binary Trees, Binary Tree Representation: Array Representation and Dynamic Representation, Complete Binary Tree, Algebraic Expressions, Extended Binary Trees, Array and Linked Representation of Binary trees, Tree Traversal algorithms: Inorder, Preorder and Postorder, Threaded Binary trees, Traversing Threaded Binary trees, Huffman algorithm.
Unit – IV
Graphs: Terminology, Sequential and linked Representations of Graphs: Adjacency Matrices, Adjacency List, Adjacency Multi list, Graph Traversal : Depth First Search and Breadth First Search, Connected Component, Spanning Trees, Minimum Cost Spanning Trees: Prims and Kruskal algorithm. Transistive Closure and Shortest Path algorithm: Warshal Algorithm and Dijikstra Algorithm, Introduction to Activity Networks
Unit – V
Searching : Sequential search, Binary Search, Comparison and Analysis
Internal Sorting: Insertion Sort, Selection, Bubble Sort, Quick Sort, Two Way Merge Sort, Heap Sort, Radix Sort, Practical consideration for Internal Sorting.
(7)
Search Trees: Binary Search Trees(BST), Insertion and Deletion in BST, Complexity of Search Algorithm, AVL trees, Introduction to m-way Search Trees, B Trees & B+ Trees
Hashing: Hash Function, Collision Resolution Strategies
Storage Management: Garbage Collection and Compaction.
Text books and References:
1. Aaron M. Tenenbaum, Yedidyah Langsam and Moshe J. Augenstein “Data Structures Using C and C++” , PHI
2. Horowitz and Sahani, “Fundamentals of Data Structures”, Galgotia Publication
3. Jean Paul Trembley and Paul G. Sorenson, “An Introduction to Data Structures with applications”, McGraw Hill
4. R. Kruse etal, “Data Structures and Program Design in C”, Pearson Education
5. Lipschutz, “Data Structures” Schaum’s Outline Series, TMH
6. G A V Pai, “Data Structures and Algorithms”, TMH
ECS-303 : DISCRETE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES
Unit-I
Set Theory: Introduction, Combination of sets, Multisets, Ordered pairs. Proofs of some general identities on sets.
Relations: Definition, Operations on relations, Properties of relations, Composite Relations, Equality of relations, Recursive definition of relation, Order of relations.
Functions: Definition, Classification of functions, Operations on functions, Recursively defined functions. Growth of Functions.
Natural Numbers: Introduction, Mathematical Induction, Variants of Induction, Induction with Nonzero Base cases. Proof Methods, Proof by counter – example, Proof by contradiction.
Unit-II
Algebraic Structures: Definition, Groups, Subgroups and order, Cyclic Groups, Cosets, Lagrange's theorem, Normal Subgroups, Permutation and Symmetric groups, Group Homomorphisms, Definition and elementary properties of Rings and Fields, Integers Modulo n.
Unit-III
Partial order sets: Definition, Partial order sets, Combination of partial order sets, Hasse diagram.
Lattices: Definition, Properties of lattices – Bounded, Complemented, Modular and Complete lattice.
Boolean Algebra: Introduction, Axioms and Theorems of Boolean algebra, Algebraic manipulation of Boolean
expressions. Simplification of Boolean Functions, Karnaugh maps, Logic gates, Digital circuits and Boolean
algebra.
Unit-IV
Propositional Logic: Proposition, well formed formula, Truth tables, Tautology, Satisfiability, Contradiction,
Algebra of proposition, Theory of Inference.
(8)
Predicate Logic: First order predicate, well formed formula of predicate, quantifiers, Inference theory of
predicate logic.
Unit-V
Trees : Definition, Binary tree, Binary tree traversal, Binary search tree.
Graphs: Definition and terminology, Representation of graphs, Multigraphs, Bipartite graphs, Planar graphs,
Isomorphism and Homeomorphism of graphs, Euler and Hamiltonian paths, Graph coloring,
Recurrence Relation & Generating function: Recursive definition of functions, Recursive algorithms, Method of solving recurrences.
Combinatorics: Introduction, Counting Techniques, Pigeonhole Principle, Pólya’s Counting
Theory.
References:
1. Koshy, Discrete Structures, Elsevier Pub. 2008
2. Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 6/e, McGraw-Hill, 2006.
3. B. Kolman, R.C. Busby, and S.C. Ross, Discrete Mathematical Structures, 5/e, Prentice Hall, 2004.
4. E.R. Scheinerman, Mathematics: A Discrete Introduction, Brooks/Cole, 2000.
5. R.P. Grimaldi, Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics, 5/e, Addison Wesley, 2004.
6. Jean Paul Trembley, R Manohar, Discrete Mathematical Structures with Application to Computer Science, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, NY, 1975.
ECS-304 : INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
UNIT I:
INTRODUCTION-Information Technology, Computer Hardware, Computer Software, Network and Internet, Computing Resources,
IT INFRASTRUCTURE- Design Issues, Requirements, IT System Management Process, Service Management Process, Information System Design, IT Infrastructure Library
UNIT II:
SERVICE DELIVERY PROCESS- Service Delivery Process, Service Level Management, Financial Management, Service Management, Capacity Management, Availability Management
UNIT III:
SERVICE SUPPORT PROCESS- Service Support Process, Configuration Management, Incident Management, Problem Management, Change Management, Release Management
(9)
STORAGE MANAGEMENT- Backup & Storage, Archive & Retrieve, Disaster Recovery, Space Management, Database & Application Protection, Bare Machine Recovery, Data Retention
UNIT IV:
SECURITY MANAGEMENT- Security, Computer and internet Security, Physical Security, Identity Management, Access Management. Intrusion Detection, Security Information Management
UNIT V:
IT ETHICS- Introduction to Cyber Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy and Law, Computer Forensics, Ethics and Internet, Cyber Crimes
EMERGING TRENDS in IT- Electronics Commerce, Electronic Data Interchange, Mobile Communication Development, Smart Card, Expert Systems
ECS -351 : Logic Design Lab
Objective: To understand the digital logic and create various systems by using these logics.
1. Introduction to digital electronics lab- nomenclature of digital ICs, specifications, study of the data sheet, concept of Vcc and ground, verification of the truth tables of logic gates using TTL ICs.
2. Implementation of the given Boolean function using logic gates in both SOP and POS forms.
3. Verification of state tables of RS, JK, T and D flip-flops using NAND & NOR gates.
4. Implementation and verification of Decoder/De-multiplexer and Encoder using logic gates.
5. Implementation of 4x1 multiplexer using logic gates.
6. Implementation of 4-bit parallel adder using 7483 IC.
7. Design, and verify the 4-bit synchronous counter.
8. Design, and verify the 4-bit asynchronous counter.
9. Mini Project.
ECS-352 : Data Structure Lab
Write Program in C or C++ for following.
• Array implementation of Stack, Queue, Circular Queue, List.
• Implementation of Stack, Queue, Circular Queue, List using Dynamic memory Allocation.
• Implementation of Tree Structures, Binary Tree, Tree Traversal, Binary Search Tree, Insertion and Deletion in BST.
• Implementation of Searching and Sorting Algorithms.
• Graph Implementation, BFS, DFS, Min. cost spanning tree, shortest path algorithm.
(10)
ECS-353 : Numerical Techniques Lab
Write Programs in ‘C’ Language:
1. To deduce error envolved in polynomial equation.
2. To Find out the root of the Algebraic and Transcendental equations using Bisection, Regula-falsi, Newton Raphson and Iterative Methods. Also give the rate of convergence of roots in tabular form for each of these methods.
3. To implement Newton’s Forward and Backward Interpolation formula.
4. To implement Gauss Forward and Backward, Bessel’s, Sterling’s and Evertt’s Interpolation formula
5. To implement Newton’s Divided Difference and Langranges Interpolation formula.
6. To implement Numerical Differentiations.
7. To implement Numerical Integration using Trapezoidal, Simpson 1/3 and Simpson 3/8 rule.
8. To implement Least Square Method for curve fitting.
9. To draw frequency chart like histogram, frequency curve and pie-chart etc.
10. To estimate regression equation from sampled data and evaluate values of standard deviation, t-statistics, regression coefficient, value of R2 for atleast two independent variables.
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